Alexander Fleming (1881 - 1955)

Sir Alexander Fleming was a biologist and pharmacologist. His best achievements are the discovery of the enzyme lysozyme in 1923 and the antibiotic substance penicillin from the fungus Penicilliu notatum in 1928, for which he shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1945 with Howard Walter Florey and Ernst Boris Chain. In 1999, In Time Magazine name Fleming one of the 100 most important people of the 20th Century for his discovery of penicillin, and stated, “It was a discovery that would change the course of history.

He was born on 6th of August, 1881 at Lochfield near Darvel in Ayrshire, Scotland. He was the son of Hugh Fleming. His father died when Alexander was just seven year old. He attended louden Moor School, Darvel School, and Kilmarnock Academy & after that he went London to work as a shipping clerk. He spent four years in a shipping office and after that moved to St. Mary’ Medical school, London University. He qualified with distinction in 1906 and began research at St. Mary’s under the guidance of Sir Almroth wright; a pioneer in vaccine therapy. He obtained M.B.B.S. (London), with Gold Medal in 1908, and became a lecturer at St. Mary’s until 1914. He was elected Professor of the school in 1928 and Emeritus Professor of Bacteriology, University of London in 1948. He was elected Fellow of the Royal Society in 1943 and knighted in 1944.

Alexander Fleming died on 11th March 1955. He is buried in St Paul's Cathedral.

















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Alexander Graham Bell (1847 - 1922 )

Alexander Graham Bell was an eminent scientist, inventor, engineer and innovator who is credited with inventing the first practical telephone. He was born on March 3, 1847, in Edinburgh, Scotland. His mother, who was deaf, was a musician and a painter. His father, who taught deaf people how to speak, invented ‘Visible Speech’. Alexander only attended school for five years; from the time he was 10 until he was 14, but he never stopped learning. He read the books in his grandfather’s library and studied tutorials.

While Alexander was searching for telephone, Thomas Watson became an associate of Bell. Watson made parts and built models of Bell’s inventions. One day, while they were working, Bell accidently heard the sound of a plucked reed coming over the telegraph wire. The next day he transmitted the famous words, “Mr. Watson, come here. I want you!” A few months later on feb. 14, 1876, he applied for a patent on his telephone.

He died on August 2, 1922 in Canada at the age of 75.














Bell speaking into prototype model of the telephone

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Original Bell phone

Archimedes (c. 287 BC – c. 212 BC)

Archimedes was a great mathematician, physicist, engineer, inventor, and astronomer of his age. But generally, he is considered to be the greatest mathematician of antiquity and one of the greatest of all time. . His contributions in geometry revolutionised the subject and his methods anticipated the integral calculus 2,000 years before Newton and Leibniz. He was also a thoroughly practical man who invented a wide variety of machines including pulleys and the Archimidean screw pumping device.

He was born 287 BC in the seaport city of Syracuse, Sicily. He was the son of Phidias who was an astronomer. Though he had many great inventions, Archimedes considered his purely theoretical work to be his true calling. His accomplishments are numerous. Unhappy with the unwieldy Greek number system, he devised his own that could accommodate larger numbers more easily. He invented the entire field of hydrostatics with the discovery of the Archimendes’ Principle. However, his greatest invention was integral calculus. To determine the area of sections bounded by geometric figures such as parabolas and ellipses, Archimedes broke the sections into an infinite number of rectangles and added the areas together. This is known as integration. He also anticipated the invention of differential calculus as he devised ways to approximate the slope other discoveries in geometry, mechanics and other fields.

Archimedes was killed by a Roman soldier while participating in a war.











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Upendranath Brahmachari

Upendranath was a famous Indian scientist and a leading medical practitioner of his time. He was a remarkable personality. He worked from 1915 on a cure of Kala-azar, a dreaded killer in Bengal and Assam. The traditional treatment by antimony (stibium in Latin) was long, tedious and painful, and therefore impracticable. In 1920, Brahmachari discovered and organic compound of antimony, which he called Urea Stibamine. It had no painful effects and determined an effective substitute for the other antimony containing compounds in the treatment of Kala-azar (Visceral Leishmaniasis ), which is caused by a protozoon, leishmania donovani. It was used on an experimental basis in Assam in 1923 and on a mass scale from 1928. By 1933, about 3.25 lakh lives had been saved in Assam alone. The medicine has also been used successfully in Greece, France and China; but contary to popular belief, it was never patented.

His discovery on Kala-azar led to the saving of millions of lives in India, particularly in the erstwhile province of Assam, where several villages were completely depopulated by the devastating disease. The achievement of Dr. Brahmachari was a milestone in successful application of science in medical treatment in the years before arrival of antibiotics, when there were few specific drugs, except quinine for malaria, iron for anemia, digitalis for heart diseases and arsenic for syphilis. All other ailments were treated symptomatically by palliative methods. Urea Stibamine was thus a significant addition to the arsenal of specific medicines.

Upendranath Brahmachari was born on December 19, 1873 in Jamalpur, District Monghyr of Bihar. The title Brahmachari has a little history. A person who lives a life of celibacy is called Brahmachari. His father Nilmony Brahmachari was a physician in East Indian Railways. His mother’s name was Saurabh Sundari Devi.

Upendranath completed his early education from Eastern Railways Boys High School, Jamalpur. In 1893, he passed B.A. Degree from Hooghly Mohsin College with Honours in Mathematics and Chemistry. In those days, it was possible for a student to appear in two honours subjects. Brahamachari stood first in order of merit in Mathematics in his B.A. examination and awarded the Thwyates Medal. Though, Brahmachari had had keen interest in Mathematics and shown great proficiency in the subject, he decided to join the Calcutta Medical College and the Presidency College at Calcutta for studying Medicine and Chemistry respectively. He passed his Masters degree with first class in Chemistry for the Presidency College, Calcutta in 1984. Sir Alexander Pedler and Acharya Prafulla Chandra Roy taught him chemistry. Brahmachari was greatly influenced by Acharya Ray. Brahmachari also pursued his medical career with equal diligence. He obtained his L.M.S. degree in 1899 and in the next year, he took the MB degree. In MB Examination of 1900 of the University of Calcutta, he stood first in Medicine and in Surgery for which he received Goodeve and Macleod awards. In 1902, he obtained the M.D. degree of the Calcutta University. In those days, it was a rare distinction. He also obtained PhD degree of the Calcutta University for his researches in physiology. His thesis was titled studies in Haemolysis, a work which even today is considered an important piece of work on Physiological and physiochemical properties of the Red Blood Cells. He married Nani Bala devi.

After a firm grounding in Mathematics, Chemistry, Physiology, and modern Medicine, Upendranath joined the Provincial Medical service in September 1899. For a brief period, he worked as the House Physician in the Ward of the First Physician Sir Gerald Bomford’s. Sir Bomford was highly impressed with young Brahmachari’s urge for carrying out research and his strong sense of duties. Bomford got Brahmachari appointed as Teacher of Physiology and Materia Medica and Physician in Dacca Medical School in November 1901. He spent about four years at Dacca.

In 1905, he was appointed as a teacher in Medicine and Physician at the Campbell Medical School, now renamed as Nil Ratan Sarkar Medical College and Hospital, Calcutta, where he carried out most of his work on Kala-Azar and made his monumental discovery of Urea Stibamine.

Upendra Nath Brahmachari was a leading medical practitioner of India of his time. His monumental discovery of Urea Stibamine, an organic antimonial compound, played a crucial role in the treatment of and campaign against Kala-Azar. His “Treatise on Kala-Azar” is a premier work on the subject. As a teacher and educationist, his work was of a high order. He was associated with almost all the known scientific and literary organizations at Kolkata. He had an insatiable thirst for knowledge. He has large private collection of books, which included not only scientific works but also literary works.

In 1923, he joined as Additional Physician in the Medical College Hospital. He retired from the Government service as a Physician in 1927. After retirement from the Government service Brahmachari joined the Carmichael Medical College as Professor of Tropical Diseases. He also served the National Medical Institute as In-charge of its Tropical Disease Word. He was also the Head of the Department of Biochemistry and Honorary Professor of Biochemistry at the University College of Science, Calcutta.

Brahmachari died on February 06, 1946. The Kolkata Municipal Corporation renamed Loudon Street as Dr. U.N. Brahmachari Street.

Alfred B. Nobel (1833- 1896)

Alfred Bernhard Nobel was born on October 21, 1833 in Stockholm, Sweden. He was the third son of Immanuel Nobel and Andriette Ahlsell Nobel. In his early years of study, Alfred took interest in chemistry. But later in Paris he met Ascanio Sobrero who had developed a highly explosive liquid called nitroglycerin. In 1859 Alfred and his brother Email created a factory in order to gain more information about nitroglycerin through experiments. Their various experiments led to many explosions throughout the years; one immense explosion killed his brother Email and several other people.

Nobel realized the he had to develop a way to safely transport nitroglycerin. He tried to mix the nitroglycerin with silica and he formed dough- like paste that could be molded into any shape, he called this compound dynamite. Soon after he developed a blasting cap which would safely detonate the dynamite. Dynamite revolutionized the construction industry by making rock blasting and drilling tunnels safer and more cost effective. This allowed for great progress in railroad construction through mountainous terrain.

Dynamite was used to make the ammunition for cannons and riffles far more powerful, therefore making it more dangerous and deadly. Dynamite was also used in the construction of new cities by blasting through the tiniest of hills and the largest of mountains. Railroad development boomed and new cities appeared out of dust. The development of the new safe explosive was now being used as a weapon during World War I. Nobel, even though he was peaceful and against war, continued developing more dynamite and other powerful explosives with the hope that he would eventually develop a weapon so destructive that warfare would become impossible without massive repercussions.

Before his death in December of 1896 he created the various Nobel prizes that are still awarded today. The Prizes included Physics, Chemistry, Medicine, Literature, and Peace. Nobel did not want to be known as a man who had developed the most destructive weapon that the world had ever seen but rather as a man who loved literature and poetry and the creation of these prizes was ultimately his life’s dream. After his achievement that made him famous he continued to develop more inventions and overall had 355 patents. Some of the most significant being synthetic rubber and leather and artificial silk.

He continued to open factories and laboratories, creating about 90 factories and lags in over 20 countries. At the age of 63, he died on 10 December 1896 at Sanremo, Itlay.

















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Albert Einstein (1879-1955)

Albert Einstein was great scientist. He is often regarded as the father of modern physics. He received the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect.

Albert Einstein was born on 14th March 1879 at Ulm in Germany. His father Hermann Einstein was a salesman and engineer. His mother was Pauline Einstein. In 1880, his family moved to Munich, where his father founded a company that manufactured electrical equipment based on direct current. Albert has started his primary schooling here and later on moved to Italy and he continued his education and in 1896 he entered the Swiss Federal Polytechnic School in Zurich to be trained as a teacher in Physics and mathematics. In 1901 he got diploma and in 1905 he obtained his doctorate degree from the University of Zurich. Albert Einstein received honorary doctorate degrees in science, medicine and philosophy from many European and American universities.

At the age of 76 Albert Einstein died on 18 April 1955 in Princeton Hospital, New Jersey, USA.
















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Vikram A Sarabhai (1919-1971)

Vikram Sarabhai was the main personality behind the launching of India’s first satellite, ‘Aryabhatta’. He is considered as the ‘father of the Indian Space Programme’. Vikram Ambalal Sarabhai was among the few scientists who devoted their entire life to the progress of science in our country.

Vikram Sarabhai was born on August 12, 1919 at Ahmedabad, Gujarat to Shri Ambalal Sarabhai and Smt. Sarladevi Sarabhai, in a family of Industrialists. His father Ambalal Sarabhai was an affluent industrialist and owned many mills in Gujarat. Vikram Sarabhai was one of the eight children of Ambalal and Sarla Devi. He had his early education in a private school. Here atmosphere injected into the young by the seeds of scientific curiosity, ingenuity and creativity. From this school he proceeded to Cambridge for his college education and took the tripods degree from St. John’s College in 1940. When World War II began, he returned home and joined as a research scholar under Sir C.V. Raman at the IISc IISc, Bangalore. In September, 1942 Vikram Sarabhai married Mrinalini Sarabhai who was a celebrated classical dancer of India. The wedding was held in Chennai without anyone from Vikram’s side of the family attending the wedding ceremony because of the ongoing Quit India movement led by Mahatma Gandhi. Vikram and Mrinalini had two children – Kartikeya and Mallika. Mallika Sarabhai is a renowned dancer.

He started his work on cosmic rays and built the necessary equipment with which he took measurements. He returned to Cambridge in 1945. In 1947 he was awarded the Ph. D. degree. The physical Research Laboratory (PRL) was established in November 1947 in a few rooms in M.G. Science Institute of the Ahmedabad Education Society, which was founded by his parents. Subsequently, it got support from the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) and the Department of Atomic Energy.

His interest in solar Physics and cosmic rays led him to set up many observation stations around the country. Vikram Sarabhai established centers for scientific research in several places of India. He was instrumental in establishing the physical Research Laboratory (PRL) in Ahmedabad. In this, he formed the ‘Group for the Improvement of Science Education’, in 1963. In the same year, he established the Nehru Foundation for Development, for the study of social and education problems.

In 1966, under its auspices, he established the Community Science Center, whose object was to spread scientific knowledge, to create interest in science and to promote experimentation among students, teachers and the general public. After the sudden death of Dr. Sarabhai in 1971, the then Prime Minister of India, Smt. Indira Gandhi, renamed the Centre as the Vikram A. Sarabhai Community Science Centre, to associate its name with that of its founder. To train efficient managers of factories, he started the Indian Institute of Management (IIM) at Ahmedabad. Of all the institutions, he established the most important were the ‘Indian Space Research Organization’ with Centers at Thumba, Ahmedabad, Shriharikota and Arvi. He established Rocket Launching Stations at Thumba and Shrihatikota. Along with his work on the science front, he took utmost interest and managed family business of Textiles and Pharmaceuticals.

He was also responsible for the Equatorial Rocket Building Station at Thumba. Sarabhai set up the Ahmedabad Textile Industries Research Association, a laboratory for research in physics and the Indian Institute of Management. Sarabhai was the second chairman of India’s Atomic Energy Commission and the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO). Sarabhai’s study of cosmic rays under the eminent scientist Dr. C.V.Raman revealed that cosmic rays are a stream of energy particles reaching the earth from the outer space, being influenced on their way by the sun, the atmosphere and magnetism. This study helps in observing terrestrial magnetism and the atmosphere, the nature of the sun and outer space. He was conferred ‘Padma Vibhushan’ in 1972. He was also awarded ‘Dr. Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Medal in Physics’ in 1962.

The establishment of the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) was one of his greatest achievements. He successfully convinced the government of the importance of a space programme for a developing country like India after the Russian Sputnik launch.

Dr. Homi Jehangir Bhabha, supported Dr. Sarabhai in setting up the first rocket launching station in India. This center was established at Thumba near Thiruvananthapuram on the coast of the Arabian Sea, Primarily because of its proximity to the equator. After a remarkable effort in setting up the infrastructure, personnel, communication links, and launch pads, the inaugural flight was launched on November 21, 1963 with a sodium vapour payload.

As a result of Dr. Sarabhai’s dialogue with NASA in 1966, the Satellite Instructional Television Experiment (SITE) was launched during July 1975-July 1976 (When Dr. Sarabhai was no more). Dr. Sarabhai started a project for the fabrication and launch of an Indian Satellite. As a result, the first Indian satellite, Aryabhatta, was put in orbit in 1975 from a Russian Cosmodrome.

Dr. Sarabhai was very interested in science education and founded a Community Science Centre at Ahmedabad in 1966. Today, the Centre is called the Vikram. A. Sarabhai Community Science Centre. This great scientist could be credited with launching India into space age. Vikram Sarabhai died at the age of 52 on December 31, 1971 at Kovalam,
Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala.

















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